Crying wolf

GOLD stage 1 is crying wolf.

Crying Wolf: An Empirical Study of SSL Warning Effectiveness

Web users are shown an invalid certificate warning when their browser cannot validate the identity of the websites they are visiting. While these warnings often appear in benign situations, they can also signal a man-in-the-middle attack. We conducted a survey of over 400 Internet users to examine their reactions to and understanding of current SSL warnings. We then designed two new warnings us...

Crying Wolf? On the Price Discrimination of Online Airline Tickets

Price discrimination refers to the practice of dynamically varying the prices of goods based on a customer’s purchasing power and willingness to pay. In this paper, motivated by several anecdotal accounts, we report on a three-week experiment, conducted in search of price discrimination in airline tickets. Despite presenting the companies with multiple opportunities for discriminating us, and c...

Crying wolf: concluding that wolves were not restored

In 2007, the USA removed (delisted) the grey wolf (Canis lupus) in the upper Midwest from the Endangered Species List. After 35 years of being considered endangered, these wolves had increased from 750 in 38 400 km 2 of Minnesota (Fuller et al. 1992) to over 4100 inhabiting 110 000 km 2 of Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michigan. Conservationists celebrated this event as a most significant success. ...

A Theory of “Crying Wolf”: The Economics of Money Laundering Enforcement

The paper shows how excessive reporting, called “crying wolf”, can dilute the information value of reports. Excessive reporting is investigated by undertaking the first formal analysis of money laundering enforcement. Banks monitor transactions and report suspicious activity to government agencies, which use these reports to identify investigation targets. Banks face fines should they fail to r...